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Schlenker and Lobell (2010)955 estimated that in sub-Saharan Africa, crop production may be reduced by 1722% due to climate change by 2050. 20151101). 20111511). The knowledge of future climate change impacts on such desertification processes as soil erosion, salinisation, and nutrient depletion remains limited both at the global and at the local levels. Polade, S.D., A. Gershunov, D.R. Energy Rev., 81, 25022518, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.055. Lett., 40, 30313035, doi:10.1002/grl.50563. 225263. Uejio CK, Yale SH, Malecki K, Borchardt MA, Anderson HA, Patz JA. J. Soils Sediments, 12, 811825, doi:10.1007/s11368-012-0499-8. Assess., 179, 403420, doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1744-5. For the DUP, the loss in power and its rejection of the Northern Ireland Protocol led them to chooseahardline stance to regain its electorate,which had been drifting towards other unionist parties. Uhe, P. et al., 2018: Attributing drivers of the 2016 Kenyan drought. The new alliance may be young, but it has quickly become deep and wide. Reports, 9, 110. Pitman,J.P. Evans,M. Decker,A.J. On the contrary, modelled poverty rates fell substantially among agricultural households in Chile, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, because higher prices compensated for productivity losses (Hertel et al. Scasta, J.D., D.M. Planet@Risk, 3, 36. Ebi, Y.O. Sci., 18, 36353649, doi:10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014. CGIAR-RPDS, 2014: Annual Report 2014. If Russia no longer supports the deal, this does not necessarily mean that the operations could not go ahead. Reg. Moreover, the use of traditional biomass as a source of energy was found to have negative health effects through indoor air pollution (de la Sota et al. We are also critically reliant on unprotected underwater internet cables. In: Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development [Nkonya, E., A. Mirzabaev, and J. von Braun (eds.)]. 20091695). Environ. It is unclear, however, how reliable the climate response parameters in the underlying models are, and actual responses may differ substantially. Eight months later and five miles away, a group of Black voters from across Philadelphia filed into a bland conference room of a downtown office building for a focus group on climate change organized by Third Way, a center-left Washington, D.C., policy think tank. However, the combined effect of dust has also been found to increase precipitation in some areas (Islam and Almazroui 2012484; Lau et al. Open Innov. Final Report for ADB. L. Degrad. de Man H, van den Berg HH, Leenen EJ, et al. Activities, such as those associated with conservation agriculture (minimising tillage, crop rotation, maintaining organic cover and planting a diversity of species), reduce erosion, improve water use efficiency and primary production, increase inflow of organic material and enhance SOC over time, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation (high confidence) (Plaza-Bonilla et al. What will it mean for grain exports? Pages 467491. However, continuing environmental degradation combined with climate change is straining the resilience of dryland populations. The action of the wind carries fine particles such as sands and clays and leaves on the soil surface a lag-gravel pavement, which is unproductive. J. (2018)306 found that between 1986 and 2015, 18.6% of the forest cover around the Owena River basin was lost. It has been selected as a case study as it provides a clear illustration of the combined effect of desertification and climate change, and why IWM may be a crucial component of reducing exposure to climate change. 20171226), because they offer more diverse employment opportunities and higher wages. 201546). 2005300; Damberg and AghaKouchak 2014301). Most important, national environmental groups, Democratic political organizations and members of Congress alike have allowed environmental-justice leaders to take the reins in crafting policies to address environmental racism. Res.,4, 88101. Trend in the annual maximum NDVI 19822015 (Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies NDVI3g v1) calculated using the TheilSen estimator which is a median based estimator, and is robust to outliers. Prepared by the Co-Chairs of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Sustainable Cities. Improved monitoring can also help reduce many climate-sensitive infectious disease risks. The use of renewable energy has been proposed as an important mitigation option in dryland areas as well (El-Fadel et al. Sud, and G.K. Walker, 2009: A GCM study of the response of the atmospheric water cycle of West Africa and the Atlantic to Saharan dust radiative forcing. Biol., 140, 263270, doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2002.tb00180.x. Remote Sens., 7, 54715494, doi:10.3390/rs70505471. Arid Environ., 56, 449464, doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00066-1. Whitford, W., 2002: Ecology of Desert Systems. Agron., 127, 141, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800131-8.00001-7. Wessels, K.J., S.D. Geomatics, Nat. Distrib., 20, 114122, doi:10.1111/ddi.12157. Bot., 69, 7991. North Atlantic SST anomalies are positively correlated with Sahel rainfall anomalies (Knight et al. Collins, A.M. Swann, P.L. 20061059; Huang et al. CSFD/Agropolis International, Les dossiers thmatiques du CSFD/Agropolis International, Montpellier, France, 44 pp. Neufeldt, H., K. Langford, J. Fuller, M. Iiyama, and P. Dobie, 2015: From Transition Fuel to Viable Energy Source: Improving Sustainability in the Sub-Saharan Charcoal Sector. Furthermore, the exacerbation of the desertification phenomenon due to agricultural intensification (DOdorico et al. Monit. The most productive species often have yields equivalent to conventional crops, at salinity levels matching even that of seawater. 20131078; McCaw 20131079; van Wilgen et al. Van Ogtrop, A.K. In specific locations, there may be barriers for some of these activities. World Dev., 68, 4865. Obviously, this is not going to happen for as long as the US imposes sanctions on China. Dent, 2011: Analysis of monotonic greening and browning trends from global NDVI time-series. J. Dev. Policy Brief No. Land tenure recognition policies were found to lead to higher agricultural productivity and incomes, although with inter-regional variations, requiring an improved understanding of overlapping formal and informal land tenure rights (Lawry et al. 20161549; Qadir et al. Liao, C., C. Barrett, and K.-A. 20071750). Ebi,Y.O. Awotide,B.A.,A.A. Karimov, andA. Diagne, 2016: Agricultural technology adoption, commercialization and smallholder rice farmers welfare in rural Nigeria. Sociol., 41, 377397, doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112223. This illustrates that different levels and types of social capital result in different levels of collective action. 2015534; Li et al. Similar processes of salinisation are also occurring in the oasis areas of Egypt due to agricultural expansion, excessive use of water for irrigation and deficiency of the drainage systems (Abo-Ragab 20101705; Masoud and Koike 20061706). Atmos. Reichardt, K., 2010: College on soil physics: Soil physical properties and processes under climate change. Food shortages and the urgency to produce enough crop for public consumption are leading to the encroachment of agriculture into productive rangelands and those converted rangelands are frequently prime lands used by pastoralists to produce feed and graze their livestock during dry years (Dodd 1994846). A study by Etana et al. Herrmann, S.M., and C.F. Roderick, 2009: Climate-related trends in Australian vegetation cover as inferred from satellite observations, 19812006. Res., 71, 615622, doi:10.4067/S0718-58392011000400018. We are now surprised to see that, in 2022, the debate is back, in France at least. Rangelands, 39, 4655, doi:10.1016/j.rala.2016.12.003. Sustain., 10, 745767, doi:10.1007/s10668-007-9083-6. (2018)949 found a mixed response of water availability (runoff) in dryland catchments to global temperature increases from 1.5C to 2C. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010: Pastoralism, Nature Conservation and Development: A Good Practice Guide. Yang, F., and C. Lu, 2015: Spatiotemporal variation and trends in rainfall erosivity in Chinas Dryland region during 19612012. Change, 100, 295315, doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9713-0. Puffins in the Gulf of Maine normally eat white hake and herring, but as oceans warm, those fish are moving farther north. Monit. Altieri,M.A.,C.I. Despite numerous relevant studies, consistent indicators for attributing desertification to climatic and/or human causes are still lacking due to methodological shortcomings. GCB Bioenergy, 9, 15881601, doi:10.1111/gcbb.12459. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; IHD, ischemic heart disease. Sun, H., Z. Pan, and X. Liu, 2012: Numerical simulation of spatial-temporal distribution of dust aerosol and its direct radiative effects on East Asian climate. Havstad, S.R. 20111031; Stevens et al. Hellmann, J.J., J.E. 2016759; Costa et al. ATMSFERA, 31, 355372, doi:10.20937/ATM.2018.31.04.04. Nat. In: The Lie of the Land Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment [Leach, M., and R. Mearns (ed.)]. These may be viewed as more near-term and politically attractive strategies than climate mitigation alone.202 Articulating multidimensional aspects of carbon reduction strategies also helps avoid poorly designed policies that may have adverse effects on public health. Clark, and D.P. Swann, A.L.S., F.M. In addition, at the beginning of the projects, there was an inadequate consideration of the effects of climate change on combating desertification (Feng et al. Changes to the land surface caused by desertification can change the surface energy budget, altering the soil moisture and triggering these feedbacks. Research in Australia during the recent decade-long drought revealed increases in anxiety, depression, and possibly suicidality among rural populations.34,117,118 Strategies to reduce this burden included raising mental health literacy, building community resilience through social events, and disseminating drought-related information.107, Displacement may mean degradation of a familiar environment; the resulting distress has been documented among Alaskan natives in villages endangered by climate-related changes.117 More typically, displacement means relocation forced by disaster or resource scarcity,118 creating considerable mental health effects.119 An important protective strategy is keeping families, even entire communities, united.120. Funk, C. et al., 2019: Examining the potential contributions of extreme Western V sea surface temperatures to the 2017 MarchJune East African drought. Future projections are based on down-scaled probability distributions of daily maximum temperature for the years 20462065 from the IPCC A1B emissions scenario that assumes business as usual, implying rapid economic growth and a global average temperature increase of 2.8C.1214.
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