In some pamphlets, parents were even advised to prevent their daughters from participating in any forms of recreation that could potentially threaten their proper moral upbringing. Antonio Corsaro's excellent essay on manuscript collections of spiritual poetry reveals an evolution in how poets thought about and presented their own work, which again does not seem to have anything to do with 'reform'. This should be a reason for proceeding with great care. By who and how was such a split carried out? She takes up a familiar argument to the effect that Jacopo da Pontormo's last major works, the now-destroyed frescoes in the choir of San Lorenzo, were heterodox: 'The greatest art work of the Protestant Reformation in the Florence of Cosimo I (p.77). The religious crisis in the 16th century was a major historic event that triggered conflicts and divisions all over Europe. Let's get dressed in 16th century Venice Italy! They held the mass majority of riches in the city, and they kept the power and wealth in their family through family planning and careful arranged marriages. Answer: Funny you should ask. The only specific evidence she cites for her claim about Cosimo's religious beliefs is a letter to Ambrosio di Gumppenberg from 1546 in which the Duke wrote that although he was hostile to any alliance with Lutheran princes because of religious differences, he would treat with them when religious issues were not in question. There were many who wanted to find a way to a personal spiritual 'reform'. Religion was in the lives of all citizens within the English kingdom, which affected everything from politics to attitudes and behaviours of people, which can best be displayed throughout the Reformation of 16th Century England, of which, religion played a crucial role in the formation of the identity of . But . . Venice was a very wealthy city, with a strong merchant class that helped shape its culture. All of these individuals were citizens however, and they were still held in better regard than the Jews of the city. This dress was inspired by Vene. This serves as a poignant reminder of an era when Jews were a proud and rich . The following paragraphs will explore the sufferance of and discrimination against the Jews through Shylock's speech in act one, scene . William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice is one of his most controversial plays. In 1171, to maintain order in his dominions, the emperor arrested all Venetian residents in Constantinople and the provinces and confiscated their goods. No matter how wealthy or influential the Jews were, then they were still treated as second class citizens. The formal originality of Pontormo's work becomes thus, almost by definition, a rejection of such orthodoxy. What Venice was like in the 16th Century. of the authorized Jewish presence in the city, and at its expiration in 1387 a 10-year charter came into effect exclusively for Jewish moneylenders. Despite military setbacks, the expansion of the Turks and the discovery of new worlds and alternative sea routes, Venice remains a powerful state throughout the 16th C. Then, at the turn of the century, the Republic will start loosing predominance. Venice in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Italy in the 16th century was certainly affected by the Protestant Reformation, both positively and negatively. Despite political and societal opposition, women continued to aid in Venices development as contributing members of society. The two editors are lecturers in Italian: Abigail Brundin at Cambridge and Matthew Treherne at Leeds. Moore also highlights characters that are viewed as outsiders, whether it be for religious reasons like Shylock being discriminated against as a Jew, or for racial reasons like Othello being of African descent and living in a society that is primarily Caucasian. Painting, as any of the arts, can develop according to internal pressures; changes of form may, but they do not necessarily, denote changes in wider structures of thought or belief. In 16th Century Venice, a large factor of division between people were their religion. The essays by Iain Fenlon and Noel O'Regan on music reveal evolution and organic change rather than reform. Counter-Reformatory literature catalyzed the dispersal of these ideals to the Italian population. Open Document. Along with divisions based on religion, there was also a very clear division between people of just Catholic religion as well. After the Italian turmoil of the early 16th century, Venice enters a long and gradual period of decline. Damianaki claims that the Duke himself was pro-Lutheran, and, as others have before her, sees Vasari's attack as having been mounted in this way in order to deflect attention from the heterodox content: the Duke had to be saved from embarrassment. Another way of being a Christian appeared in Germany, and then spread all over Europe: Protestantism. I love Italian Renaissance clothing, and I'm so happy to share this with you! Jews in Venice were cast down and treated as second class citizens compared to Christians. Christians believed that the Jews were inferior to them and should not be accepted into their society. Any possibility of compromise with the Protestants may have disappeared in the early 1540s, and the Catholic Church proceeded to define its own positions on the central matters under dispute, but is it credible to equate the rejection of Protestantism with the creation of a frozen orthodoxy? In the 16th century, Martin Luther and Jean Calvin were the best known reformers. It is not surprising that men exclusively dictated the societal expectations of women. These masters of 16th-century Venetian painting - Bellini, Giorgione, and Titian - set the stage for and influenced European art for centuries to come. Just fill in your details. The Adriatic was not yet secured, however; Dalmatian ports were threatened by the Hungarians and Slavs, with whom it was difficult to come to agreement. In general he thought they lacked the grace that had characterized Pontormo's earlier work. Answer: Verona was under the rule of Venice, it was one of the main cities of the Venetian domains in Northern Italy. The key word here is 'reform'; and this may be the source of difficulty, for it is unclear what might be meant by the word if it is to be used to encompass official doctrine and popular piety. History of Religion in Venice Church Santa Maria Salute The Evangelist Saint-Mark is the patron saint of Venice and is also situated under the protection of the Virgin Mary and of her son, Jesus Christ. However, she writes, the humble manner and gentle pose are enough to move us and turn us to God. Venices cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the Venetian women who lent their beauty, charm, elegance, and sex appeal to honor the city. The celebrated practice of courtesanship supplied the island-republic with an exotic flare that set Venice apart from many other European cities. 2005, Elizabeth Knowles, and Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. The most hopeful method of getting away from these difficulties lies, it seems to me, in the desire expressed elsewhere in the same introduction, to arrive at 'a full understanding of Cinquecento religious culture' (p. 5). As the capital city of a republic whose borders stretched for several hundred kilometers along Swiss The Renaissance is an important event in European history that stretched from the 14th century to the 17th century. It has been calculated that in the late fifteenth century perhaps 1,500 negro slaves were being traded annually at Venice. During this time, Venice's leading . Regardless of this opposition, however, women still managed to exert some influence on economic and social relations through the acquisition of dowries and management of the familys wealth and income. . Black, C.F., Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1989). . 2007. Sources: Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, and the Renaissance of Venetian Painting. Popular piety in Italy may have been, in some cases, influenced by knowledge of the Protestant Reformation. There were certainly many Italians who wanted to reform the institutions of the church and to reformulate and better communicate what was to be believed. This group of essays delivers on its promise of offering a 'wide range of approaches, cutting across disciplines' (p. 4): and by that means it reveals the variety of currents present in the religious culture of Italy. As with any developed conspiracy theory, the justification for such an approach is that to expect anything more substantial is nave because of the dangers that would have been incurred as a consequence of greater explicitness. In 1668 was made the beautiful baroque facade . making Shylock an outcast to the community of Venice. The vitality of religious thought and expression in this period is a symptom of a general European preoccupation, which seems to have involved people at every level of society. Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos, c. 1547. Charles de Tolnay, 'Les fresques de Pontormo dans le choeur de San Lorenzo Florence'. During these times, many changes were brought forth to Europe during this schism. Venice became the first and the biggest trading power in the world. Relations were patched up in 1187 and again in 1198, but the Venetians remained embittered. But can the Catholic Church, even after Trent, be understood as a monolithic entity (an idea which Catholics themselves have often been happy to accept), proclaiming a consistent and agreed program of theory and practice? Religious Sites Churches & Cathedrals. But with subsequent writers it may be suspected that the desire to impute heterodoxy is a symptom of a belief in the stagnant conventionality of orthodoxy. Within the history syllabus in secondary schools (12-13 year-olds), the Muse Virtuel du protestantisme (Virtual Museum of Protestantism) offers a 10-step . 16th century Venice Research Papers - Academia.edu They yield Corfu ten years later to the Greek ruler of Epirus (the nearest part of the mainland), but Crete remains a Venetian possession for Religious Wars rocked European life well into the 17th century as a result. Just as, today, we may imagine aliens to be. The Hebrew Printer's Mark (Venice 1545-1552) is an artifact that serves as a constant reminder of the splendor that once adorned the Holy Temple. 8 Mar. Notice how . The Italian bran tub: 1499-1512: During the first three decades of the 16th century Italy is the scene of almost ceaseless . The unusual legal and political position of the small independent duchy, situated in territorial isolation between two great empires, contributed greatly to its function as a trading intermediary. Classified as a comedy in the First Folio, and while it shares certain aspects with Shakespeare's other romantic comedies, the play is perhaps more remembered for its dramatic scenes, and is best known for Shylock and the 'pound of flesh'. These numbers increased further in the sixteenth century as European attitudes turned against the enslavement of fellow Christians, and increasing Ottoman power militated against the use of Muslim slaves. There was no mental stagnation. He has obviously spent a lot of time in Venice examining state records, following the history of its architecture, and tracing its complete political and military histo. In 16th century Venice, when a merchant must default on a large loan from an abused Jewish moneylender for . Since the early 14th century, reformation experiments were attempted in the Catholic church and paved the way for the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which caused a lasting split. That same complaint had, for example, been the focus of his very hostile remarks about Giorgione's decoration of the Fondaco de' Tedeschi in Venice. Uniquely among Italys chief cities, Venice came into being after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West. Category Sacred and religious sites - 36 places in Venice: 1. But no such term is forthcoming. Venice's cosmopolitan, fun-loving and dynamic atmosphere is largely dependent on the . Knox, Skip. The emperor encouraged merchants from the Italian republics of Genoa and Pisa to compete in Byzantine markets, and the Venetians responded by destroying the establishments of their rivals. Painting at its most poetic. Festa del Redentore 2022 (Feast of the Redeemer 2022), one of the most important events in the Venetian calendar, will take place in the weekend of July 16-17, 2022, in Venice.. Every year since the 16th century, the feast is celebrated in the third weekend of July. Shylock is driven by an inherent cruelty based on the current time period's loathing for Jewish people. N.p., 7 Dec. 2012. 11:00 The Merchant of Venice - Religion 12:30 Free 13:00 Lunch 14:30 Free 16:00 Tea . Women of the lower class kept the citys working industries alive through artisan and trade-craft practices, while women of the nobility and upper class served as catalysts and donors in the maintenance of charitable hospices, which assured the welfare of hundreds of unfortunate people. The Giudecca Island The Gheto Novo Square. The mental conception Luke had formed of her was too great for him to express coherently, while the lack of lifelikeness may (she speculates), have been the result of Luke's contempt for the ostentation of the artistry he would have had to deploy to make her seem real. In the 18th Century the ghetto fell into torpor as Venice declined. Six of the most significant traits prescribed by men include: Chastity, Silence, Modesty, Reticence, Sobriety, and Obedience. There was a very established division, as Jews were walled off in the Ghetto at night time while the Christians were able to roam free. Tasso's late religious poetry Le Lagrime della Beata Vergine of 1593 and Il Mondo Creato of 1594 are used to show how remarkable and moving expressions of faith were articulated by a poet intending to express only the most orthodox set of beliefs. If art, along with music and literature, present 'patterns of belief that often tell a different story from that of official doctrine and decrees', as stated in the introduction (p. 2), how should their supposed testimony be tested? HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2004. . The play Merchant of Venice shows the evil side of the Jews. There followed decades of internal political strife among various settlements vying for supremacy and between pro- and anti-Byzantine factions; also involved were attempts by church authorities to acquire temporal influence. And if there were such disputes and disagreements within the Church, what did that mean for the ability of the Church to control thought and cultural activity in a more general way? Do we not, throughout the 16th century, come up against arguments and disputes, ranging from issues of discipline to those of dogma, between groups within the Catholic Church? Santi Giovanni e Paolo, 4. One historiographical debate that has focused attention on the issues around an 'Italian Reformation' has been, of course, the issue of the choice of an appropriate name. Venice was a market place that was juxtaposed by prostitution and nunneries. 6 Pages. On the bottom of the pyramid were people who did the menial jobs, almost servants, such as boat rowers. Because of these guidelines, women were denied freedom of mind and body, and their identities were confined within their own domestic fortresses. Reacting to their physical environment and to a variety of cultural influencesfrom Italy, northern Europe, and the Eastthe Venetians consciously designed their city as an exceptional place.They regarded it as a divinely ordained centre of religious, civic, and commercial life, a community blessed by St. Mark, protected by its lagoon, and governed by . The Venetian army led by Othello, an African Moor, consists also of a Florentine (Cassio . Tag Archives: / importance of religion in 16th century venice King, Margaret L., The Renaissance. The Cask of Amontillado takes place in most likely in the 18th century as it does not specify the time. During its long history, the Republic of Venice took on various names, all closely linked to the titles attributed to the doge.During the eighth century, when Venice still depended on the Byzantine Empire, the doge was called Dux Venetiarum Provinciae (English: Doge of the Province of Venice), and then, starting from 840, Dux Veneticorum (English: Doge of the Venetians), following . Shylock's suggestion that a pound of Antonio's flesh as payment, reminds Shakespeare's 16th century audience of the false stories about murderous Jews seeking Christian blood for religious rituals. It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice, and was a leading European economic and trading power during the Middle Ages and the . Through trade the Venetians . The following paragraphs will explore the sufferance of and discrimination against . Politics and Culture. the 16th Century, with the absence of Jews, a popular negative image. Compared to the 15th Century, the 16th Century had a greater variety and richness in the preparation of foods: soups, grilled, roast and boiled meats, meat pastries, fish, vegetable (also in oil) and refined salads, almond-based sweets, pine-nuts and candied fruits; cane sugar (then still expensive) began to replace . Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, 2. Though a Franco-Byzantine treaty of 814 guaranteed to Venice political and juridical independence from the rule of the Western Empire, it did not confirm any effective dependence on the Byzantine Empire, and by 840841 the doge was negotiating international agreements in his own name. Carroll, Linda L. "Money, Age, and Marriage in Venice: A Brief Biocultural History." But I would argue that the book also does something it did not intend: it reveals that 'reform' is not a useful concept to deploy as the central element in the attempt to understand that culture. Thorton, Emma. Othello is a Black man in a traditional social environment. 121 writers online. 2016. The character's name is "Shylock". There was a tendency towards a separation of the religious and the secular, as is suggested by the already-mentioned contribution of Antonio Corsaro and by the very imaginative essay by Tom Nichols on the tradition of mythological painting in Venice. It serves as a poignant memory of an era in which Jews were permitted to practice their religion freely and uninhibitedly. Bowd, Stephen D., Reform Before the Reformation: Vincenzo Querini and the Religious Renaissance in Italy (Leiden, 2002) Cairns, Christopher, Domenico Bollani, Bishop of Brescia: Devotion to Church and State in the Republic of Venice in the Sixteenth Century (Nieuwkoop, 1976) These social conflicts are still prevalent in modern times and Moore uses them as satire for the audience through modern language which can be seen in Pocket's profanity. In the conflict between papacy and empire, Contarini and his successors remained neutral (despite the complaints of Pope Gregory VII), while safeguarding Venetian economic interests in the Adriatic when the conflict began to be reflected on the Dalmatian coast. What we know about Pontormo is that he was a conventionally pious Catholic; the very private diary he kept when he was working on the frescoes shows that he attended mass regularly, noting holidays and respecting fasts. The purpose of this book of essays, based on contributions to a conference held in 2007 at the University of Leeds, is to contribute to 'rethinking the experience of an "Italian Reformation"' (p. 1). Home. But is it useful to think of either of these highly significant phenomena in terms of 'reform'? There may be elements in Vittoria Colonna's writing which could perhaps be labelled Protestant but there was certainly a great deal which Protestants would have found anathema. "Venice."Encyclopedia.com. There was a tendency towards a separation of the religious and the secular, as is suggested by the already-mentioned contribution of Antonio Corsaro and by the very imaginative essay by Tom Nichols on the . In helping the emperor Manuel I Comnenus drive the Normans out of Corfu (114749), they offended him by their aggressive behaviour. Go to Venice in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) This turned the city on the lagoon into an epicentre of the Reformation movement in Italy. This is an odd claim. This relates to an important methodological issue. That is, the world before the great expeditions during the fifteenth and the sixteenth century. 16th century; Religion; Christianity; Papacy; Europe; Italy; 1545: The Italian players of the commedia dell'arte first feature in the records in this year. A very interesting commentary on this was provided by William Hudon in his essay, 'Religion and Society in Early Modern Italy'. With these differences in time period, Moore changes Othello's setting from the island of Cyprus to the island of Corsica. Othello shows us the cosmopolitan nature of renaissance Venice, as Dr Farah Karim-Cooper reveals. complained to the Venetian ambassador to Rome that the city of Venice was infected by the "Lutheran plague." Indeed, in the minds of many of Sadoleto's contemporaries, Venice occupied a special place on the religious map of sixteenth-century Italy. The executive organ was the ducal curia, and the legislative assembly was summoned to approve the doges acts. Intellectual resurrection of humanity in the enthusiasm of new discoveries; philosophic, literary, artistic, etc., also brought regeneration of spirituality. A married, and thus dowered, daughter or a man who died intestate had no further claim on his estate. VENICE. The later 16th century in Italy was a period of 'mental stagnation' wrote G. R. In 1524, reading or owning heterodox literature was made . Elton. Women were able to find diverse means of contributing to society outside of the home. In the 16th century, Jews were discriminated against especially in England and Venice. 17 Mar. 13. The story is set in Venice where He is the character of evil doing; he is also the character that Shakespeare chose to represent a Jewish character. For example, a young womans only claim upon the family patrimony was her dowry. "Venice during the Reformation." There was a very established division, as Jews were walled off in the Ghetto at night time while the Christians were able to roam free. But also witnessed the birth of a new religion, Protestantism. But these were very different kinds of 'reform', some more metaphorical than substantial; and they could lead in very different directions. Of all Shakespeare's plays, it is Othello which reflects most vividly the multi-ethnic character of the Mediterranean basin in the 16th century. Inside you will see the paint of Tintoretto depicting the Washing of. (the party side of life) and Lent (the life of religion). For example, while Venice had a large Jewish population, they were required to wear clothing that signified their religion, and to live in a specific quarter which was locked at night (our modern word "ghetto" comes from the term used in Venice to signify the Jewish quarter). The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. Dr Aviva Dautch responds to The Merchant of Venice as a Jewish reader. 2016. Inequality is a theme that is continuously occurring in The Merchant of Venice, a play written by William Shakespeare in the 16th century, which portrays racism and prejudice that till this day, remains an important symbol of unequal opportunities and discrimination against a certain group based on their race, religion and .
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