Reproduced with permission [39]. Fiber and waveguide based optical sensors have gained a high amount of interest since they show enormous potential for applications in various fields. (a) Comparison between the BioMFOS responses (of three radial elements) and IMU for different positions/orientations in 3D plane. Ahmed E.M. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Multiplexing capabilities of the FBG-based sensors have been explored by using a free-running fiber laser based on dual-comb spectroscopy. In particular, for a single-layer waveguide, the surroundings might be air, water, or biological tissues, where TIR occurs at the waveguide boundaries. In this paper, a novel vertical waveguide made from SU8 photoresist is proposed for the first time to be used in an evanescent bio-medical optical sensor. Boland C.S., Khan U., Ryan G., Barwich S., Charifou R., Harvey A., Backes C., Li Z., Ferreira M.S., Mbius M.E., et al. Reproduced with permission [57]. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. Cheng Y., Wang R., Sun J., Gao L. A stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-based fiber for sensing tensile strain, bending, and torsion. McDonald J.C., Whitesides G.M. Lett. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) as a material for fabricating microfluidic devices. The optical transmission, tensile tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis are performed in the resins and show the possibility of light transmission at the visible wavelength range in conjunction with high flexibility and a dynamic range up to 150 Hz, suitable for wearable applications. Opt. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated, Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator, Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides, Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons, Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. According to a second aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide sensor for glucose measurement comprises a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating which are formed contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an mobilized coloring reagent layer containing coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme layer containing an enzyme formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer. Table 1 summarizes some representative polymeric materials and the strategies for waveguide fabrication. Despite the great promises, conventional optical waveguides are commonly made from solid and inorganic materials (e.g., silica glasses, silicon oxynitride), many of which unfortunately are not biocompatible [32]. Magnetic-field sensing with a single-mode fiber. Deformations of the fiber resulted in reversible and detectable changes in its light transmission, enabling deformation sensing from the transmitted light intensities. Optical and mechanical characterizations of the resins (photocurable and PDMS resins). Prajzler et al. 10/302,685, filed Nov. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. Following this approach, they fabricated fibers with 200 m length in one hour of continuous coextrusion (Figure 3e). Heo et al. Opt. Reproduced with permission [84]. A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibers. When deformed, the waveguide showed microcracks within the reflective gold layer, enabling measurements of pressure, strain, and curvature from the changes of light transmission. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. The PDMS optical fiber, comprised of a step-index core-cladding structure, enabled effective excitation of the luminescent UCNPs. This characteristic hinders their applications in wearable or implantable sensing, where the body/tissue movement may induce structural damage to the waveguides. Despite the great promises described above, there still remain many challenges for the implementation of polymeric waveguide-based sensors in practical applications. Cai et al. Yeo J.C., Lim C.T. Sun J., Guo Y., Cui B., Chu F., Li H., Li Y., He M., Ding D., Liu R., Li L., et al. 27(9) 689-691 (2002), Daniel Patko, Kaspar Cottier, Andras Hamori, and Robert Horvath While this is a source of noise, drift, or signal fading in, Mechanical or electromechanical resonators, such as metallic bars or piezoelectric plates, play a major role in telecommunication and instrumentation, particularly in filtering devices. Forster T., Strohhofer C., Bock K., Kasak P., Danko M., Kronekova Z., Nedelcev T., Krupa I., Lacik I. Biosensor for calcium based on a hydrogel optical waveguide with integrated sensor proteins; Proceedings of the TRANSDUCERS 2009-2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference; Denver, CO, USA. According to a first aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide sensor for glucose measurement comprises a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating which are formed contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer and a functioning layer containing an enzyme and a coloring reagent which is formed on the second optical waveguide layer. Li H., Yang H., Li E., Liu Z., Wei K. Wearable sensors in intelligent clothing for measuring human body temperature based on optical fiber Bragg grating. Copyright 2019, Wiley; (d) Coextrusion fabrication of step-index polymer optical fibers from thermoplastic elastomers. Nevertheless, conventional fiber-optic sensors utilizing silica optical fibers are far too rigid compared with human skins, which restricts the natural movements of the wearer. Light-guiding biomaterials for biomedical applications. A small glass capillary tube was fitted with a light-emitting diode and a phototransistor detector to form a multiple-reflecting optical waveguide device. Lett. Asterisk ( * ) -- Example: "elect*" retrieves documents containing "electron," "electronic," and "electricity", Question mark (?) (a) Strain-sensitive optical waveguide comprised of a core of polyurethane rubber and the cladding of silicone composite. For optical interrogation and detection, the waveguides were designed with two holes to hold the light-emitting diode and photodiode, respectively (Figure 8c). Keep it simple - don't use too many different parameters. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide device for glucose measurement comprises (1) an optical waveguide sensor comprising a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an immobilized coloring reagent layer containing a coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme layer containing an enzyme formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer, and (2) a detection unit comprising a light source configured to emit a light to the first optical waveguide layer, a light detector configured to receive the light coming from the first optical waveguide layer, a central process control unit configured to control a light quantity of the light source and process signals from the light detector, a memory configured to store data from the central process control unit and a display configured to display the data. The propagation loss of these hydrogel fibers was about 0.32 dB/cm in air and 0.49 dB in tissue. The detection of even an extremely small change in the light which transmits in the second optical waveguide layer, Then, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, In addition, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, Moreover, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, The optical waveguide type glucose measuring device, Since the structure of the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, A procedure for the measurement of glucose using the optical waveguide type glucose measuring device, Instead of the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, In addition, in a case where the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, (Modified Example of the Tenth Embodiment), An optical waveguide type glucose measuring system according to the modified examples of the tenth embodiment as shown in, In terms of the structure of the detector, An electric power circuit is added to the detector, Next, the structure of the charging device. Reproduced with permission [40]. Furthermore, the potential applications of those optical devices for various wearable and biomedical applications are discussed. The sewn fibers were installed on a piece of athletic tape for wearable monitoring of strains generated by weight-bearing activities, which could be used in sports monitoring and functional fitness tests (Figure 6a,b). Liu Z., Zhang Z.F., Tam H.Y., Tao X. Multifunctional smart optical fibers: Materials, fabrication, and sensing applications. Copyright 2015, Wiley. . (a) Schematic of direct printing of silk waveguides on borosilicate glass slides. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. To et al. Figure also shows the force sensitivity of the sensors. Junior AGL, Frizera A, Pontes MJ. Citation: Li Y, Hu J, Cao D, Wang S, Dasgupta P and Liu H (2022) Optical-Waveguide Based Tactile Sensing for Surgical Instruments of Minimally Invasive Surgery. Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices are promising solutions for many applications, such as medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies. To minimize the analyte-independent effects, hydrogel waveguides doped with two types of QDs at different emission bands were demonstrated for ratiometric sensing of metal ions (Figure 5e) [76]. Reproduced with permission [34]. Shan D., Zhang C., Kalaba S., Mehta N., Kim G.B., Liu Z., Yang J. Alternatively, fiber-optic sensors have been investigated extensively for wearable health monitoring due to their attractive advantages including EMI immunity, electrical safety, and miniaturized size [78,79]. Mixing of fabrication, characterization and engineering development, in parallel with analytical and numerical solving. Copyright 2019, Wiley; (b,c) Stretchable FBG sensor installed on an elastic kneepad to monitor various knee-related sports activities. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing, Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor, Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals, Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing, Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. For effective light confinement, step-index hydrogel optical fibers with core-cladding structures have been developed [32]. Temperature and humidity sensing characterization based on the polymer electrolyte is simulated and analyzed. Copyright 2013, Nature Publishing Group; (c) Photographs of the two hydrogel samples with molecular weight of 0.5 kDa and 5 kDA. Copyright 2007, Optical Society of America; (f) Mechanical flexibility of a polylactic acid (PLA) film. Figure 8d shows the real-time control of a virtual hand model by wearing the smart glove, indicating great potentials of being used as an input gear for virtual reality and interactive games. Chen Y., Lu B., Chen Y., Feng X. Breathable and stretchable temperature sensors inspired by skin. Nazempour R., Zhang Q., Fu R., Sheng X. Biocompatible and implantable optical fibers and waveguides for biomedicine. The basic objective of an optical biosensor is to produce a signal which is proportionate to the concentration of a measured substance (analyte). Waveguides made from biodegradable polymers could degrade and be absorbed by the human body, so they could remain within the body after use, eliminating the need for surgical removal. A monolithic PDMS waveguide system fabricated using soft-lithography techniques. A grating-coupled planar optical waveguide sensor is presented for sensing of bacteria by evanescent waves. Copyright 2016, Wiley; (g) Light-guiding in a tough hydrogel optical fiber. The active optical waveguide refers to the optical output from the intrinsic emission of the sample by exciting it with an external energy source, whereas the passive optical waveguide mode refers to the light propagation of optical source [ 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ]. Optical wave microphone for detection of acoustic waves generated by pulsed and CW lasers. A low-cost integrated biosensing platform based on SiN nanophotonics for biomarker detection in urine. Reproduced with permission [73]. Smart gloves for quantifying hand movements have also been developed by the use of stretchable optical fibers [68]. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. The cross coupler may expand the light in a first direction. Ma LY, Wu RH, Patil A, Zhu SH, Meng ZH et al. An optical waveguide (OWG) sensor was developed for real-time detection of diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) vapor, which is a typical simulant for organophosphorus pesticides and chemical weapon agents. Liu QP, Qiao XG, Jia ZA, Fu HW, Gao H et al. For wearable and skin-comfortable sensing, sensors with high flexibility and deformability are demanded to ensure high mechanical compliance with the soft and curvilinear surfaces of the human body. Roriz P., Carvalho L., Frazo O., Santos J.L., Simes J.A. Applegate M.B., Perotto G., Kaplan D.L., Omenetto F.G. Biocompatible silk step-index optical waveguides. (a) A stretchable fiber-optic strain sensor, fabricated by incorporating sinuous-shaped fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) in a slab PDMS substrate, which could be bent, twisted, and stretched like skin. In this study, 5,10,15,20- (4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP) was used as an optical waveguide (OWG) sensing material to detect several harmful acidic gases and volatile organic compounds. Besides transparency, the waveguide loss also depends on the RI of an optical material, which is vital for achieving effective light-guiding through the mechanism of so-called total internal reflection (TIR). Fu R., Luo W., Nazempour R., Tan D., Ding H., Zhang K., Yin L., Guan J., Sheng X. Review of micromachined optical accelerometers: from mg to sub-g. By using the DAMZI with segmented electrode fabricated between the two . Lett. In addition to their high biocompatibility, these biodegradable devices as implants could be left within the body after use, as they would gradually degrade and eventually be absorbed in the body. The results show an ultra-high sensitivity and resolution, where forces in the N range can be detected and the location of the applied force can also be detected with a sub-millimeter spatial resolution. Here, we summarize recent developments in soft and stretchable optical waveguides, designed with optimal light-guiding capabilities and physiomechanical properties for wearing and/or implantation. Soler A, Zaera R. The secondary frame in spider orb webs: the detail that makes the difference. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicone-based organic elastomer, particularly known for its high elasticity, chemical inertness, and thermal stability [56,57,58]. Stretchable Optical Fibers: Threads for Strain-Sensitive Textiles. This application is a continuation application of utility application Ser. Choi et al. Study and optimization of arrays of cross-talking resonant waveguide-gratings as optical filters and optical elements for optical security. Massaroni C., Saccomandi P., Schena E. Medical smart textiles based on fiber optic technology: An overview. Figure 1e shows the microscope images of the core-cladding hydrogel fibers with different sizes. A fiber-optic magnetic-field sensor is constructed by bonding a single-mode fiber to a nickel cylinder by means of the magnetostrictive effect, permitting detection of fields as small as 4.4 x 10 (-6) Oe/m of fiber. Harnett C.K., Zhao H., Shepherd R.F. Nina Skivesen, Robert Horvath, and Henrik C. Pedersen Cai Z., Qiu W., Shao G., Wang W. A new fabrication method for all-PDMS waveguides. (a) Schematic representation of the core/cladding fabrication steps. The core-cladding fibers showed excellent mechanical flexibility and stretchability that could reversibly sustain large tensile strains of up to 300%. Oh S.Y., Hong S.Y., Jeong Y.R., Yun J., Park H., Jin S.W., Lee G., Oh J.H., Lee H., Lee S., et al. However, in the conventional glucose sensor there have been problems, such as, since the optical waveguide layer is made up with a single layer, there is a limit to the sensitivity in detecting the change in the quantity of the evanescent wave generated in the optical waveguide layer, and also the film structure on the optical waveguide layer is not suitable for analysis of the extremely small amounts of biomolecules contained in blood and the like which are extracted from the analyte. The detection of even an extremely small change in the light which transmits in the second optical waveguide layer, A method of measuring glucose is the same as the one in the fourth embodiment. 61805126). An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum.Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass, liquid light guides, and liquid waveguides.. Optical waveguides are used as components in integrated optical circuits or as the transmission medium in local and . acknowledges support from the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program of China. AbstractWe demonstrate photonic high-power MMW gener-ation at subTHz (160 GHz) frequencies by using ultrafast near-ballistic unitraveling carrier photodiodes (NBUTC-PD), which have a miniaturized active area (24 m2) and flip-chip bonding package for good heat-sinking.. An optical waveguide sensor using an intermediate layer between the preformed optical core and the optical cladding material. having both magnitude and direction), it follows that an electric field is a vector field. Copyright 2015, Optical Society of America; (e) Cross-section image of a biodegradable double-core optical fiber made from cellulose. The cell-containing hydrogel waveguide was implanted in living mice, where toxic QDs (CdTe; CdSe/ZnS) could be detected from the fluorescence signals of the sensing cells (Figure 5a,b). Abstract: Integrated optical waveguide sensor has characteristics of good insulation, broadband response and small size. OCIS codes: (280.4788) Optical sensing and sensors, (130.3120) Integrated optics devices, (050.6624) Subwavelength structures. Single-shot on-chip spectral sensors based on photonic crystal slabs. doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210098. : 469-70 As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector (i.e. Furthermore, they suffer little or no interference in the waveguide element of the sensor and can be made at a very low cost. Copyright 2015, Optical Society of America; (b) Cross-section images of step-index, core-cladding PDMS optical fibers. The waveguide design results in increased depth of penetration into the sample volume, which makes it suitable for detecting micrometer-sized biological objects. For example, an intensity-modulated microbend fiber-optic sensor has been developed for noninvasive monitoring of respiratory in strong electromagnetic interference environments during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [80].
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