X-BAND- a frequency band of microwave radiation in which radars operate. CELSIUS- a temperature scale in which zero is the freezing point of water and one hundred is the boiling point. Jeremy DeMoss and Anthony Merendino had the great opportunity to board the tall ship Pelican of London and embark on voyages as Scientists in Residence during 2022. Anvil- The spreading out (by strong winds) of the upper portion of the thunderstorm. You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. AVALANCHE- a large mass of rapidly moving snow down a steep mountain slope. CIRRUS(CI)- High clouds, usually above 18,000 feet, composed of ice crystals. Flood Stage- the height of the river at which property damage begins to occur. Small streams and creeks usually react the fastest to heavy rains and rise several feet in hours or even minutes. BAROCLINICITY- A cold air advection/warm air advection couplet that increases atmospheric instability. A cloud that extends through all three heights is called a cumulonimbus. CORONA- a disk of light surrounding the sun or moon; this is a result of the diffraction of light by small water droplets. One way is by where they are found in the sky. STRATOSPHERE- The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, where temperature increases with height. Knowing the type of cloud (s) provided vital information about the state of the atmospheric at each location. (RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging). Backing winds with height are indicative of cold air advection (CAA). Observes sky conditions, temperature and dewpoint, wind direction and speed, and barometric pressure. New active thunderstorms are indicated by cumulus growing rapidly into cumulonimbus on a humid day, even though the Sun may be shining brightly between the clouds. BAROMETERAn instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. FOEHN- A warm dry wind on the lee side of a mountain range. As the wind increases, heat is carried away from a person's body at a more accelerated rate, driving down the body temperature. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. Clouds are valuable aids in weather forecasting. Suggest. ASOS-Automated Surface Observing System. River Flood- a flood on a large river such as the Connecticut takes a tremendous amount of rain and usually develops over a period of one to two days. ROSSBY WAVES- long waves that form in air or water that flows almost parallel to the equator, which results form the effect of the earth's rotation. Where Two . Precipitation in significant amounts generally falls only from nimbostratus and cumulonimbus clouds. Similar action may be required for the failure of certain levees. Generally the duration is less than 20 seconds and the fluctuation greater than 10 mph. BOW ECHO -An accelerated portion of a squall line of thunderstorms, taking on a radar indicated bow configuration, created by strong downburst winds. VAD stands for Velocity Azimuth Display. Helicity is only an index to determining thunderstorm rotation potential. Researchers Identify 12 Hazardous Chemicals Pumping Through California's Natural Gas Lines. With no solar radiation to block at night, clouds took on their "space-heater" role, emitting infrared radiation toward the ground, and keeping nighttime temperatures higher than if skies had been clear. WIND VANE- An instrument that determines the direction from which a wind is blowing. HEAT LOW- The thermal induced surface low pressure trough that develops during the warm season in the lee of the Cascades. POSITIVE TILTED TROUGH- A trough which tilts from the northeast toward the southwest. Please send comments or suggestions on accessibility to the site editor. WATER VAPOR- water substance in a gaseous state that comprises one of the most important of all the constituents of the atmosphere. CEILING- The height of the lowest layer of clouds, when the sky is broken or overcast. A cloud is a mass of water drops or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Disappears from sight or ends. It uses the Doppler effect to measure the velocity of particles suspended in the atmosphere. PINEAPPLE CONNECTION -A warm and moist flow of air with origins from the tropics which precedes major winter storms. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Note that the Sahara is hot during the day (top map) and cool at night (middle map), making this desert and others the areas of the world with the greatest diurnal change (lower map). Bankfull- the maximum height of the river before it overflows its banks. BREEZY- Sustained winds of 15 to 25 mph. A large cluster of thunderstorms and rain. SHORTWAVE- a progressive wave in a horizontal air flow that leads to lower air pressure and possibly unsettled weather. altostratus DIVERGENCE- refers to the spreading out of winds. The definitions of the genera given below do not cover all possible aspects, but are limited to a description of the main types and of the essential characteristics necessary to distinguish a given genus from genera having a . FREEZING LEVELThe altitude in the atmosphere where the temperature equals 32F. Find high-quality stock photos that you won't find anywhere else. This radiative synergy between the ground and water vapor keeps the ground and the overlying air warmer at night, resulting in elevated nighttime temperatures. Flood Crest- the highest height that the river reaches during a flood event. Also called a whirlwind, it develops best on clear, dry, hot afternoons. UPWELLING- The rising of cold water from the deeper areas of the ocean to the surface. Q-VECTORS (QVEC, DIVQ)- A mathematical entity (Q-vectors do not exist in the atmosphere) that allows forecasters to better identify areas of vertical motion. For the valleys and Basin below 3000 feet - 4 inches in 12 hours and 6 inches in 24 hours. EVAPORATION- the process of a liquid changing into a vapor or gas. US Dept of Commerce These values are less couple (4 inches in 12 hours or 6 inches in 24 hours) in more southern portions of the country, where snowfall is not as common as in New England. Located in Norman, OK. On sultry, very humid nights during the summer, lows in the 70s are common. SNOW- Unless qualified by such words as " occasional" or " intermittent" , a prediction of snow indicates a steady fall of a few hours or more. FIRE UP- A favorite phrase of forecasters. Even in the tropics, much of the precipitation begins as snow in the clouds high above the surface, then generally melts as it falls into warmer temperatures near the surface . High Clouds: Cirrocumulus. Are clouds made up of water? Also known as atmospheric pressure. ALTOSTRATUS-Mid-altitude clouds with a flat sheet-like shape. Adjectives, such as "killing,' "severe," or "hard," are used when appropriate. Existing storms can intensify by moving into moisture axes. A cloud that combines public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and applications to be shared between them. On a night with high dew points, ample water vapor emits infrared radiation to the readily absorbing ground (remember that water vapor is the most prominent greenhouse gas), helping to slow its cooling rate. Flanking line- A line of cumulus clouds connected to and extending outward from the most active portion of a parent cumulonimbus, usually found on the southwest (right, rear) side of a storm. The California/Nevada River Forecast Center is located in Sacramento. Luke Howard was born in London on 28 November 1772, the first child of successful businessman Robert Howard and his wife, Elizabeth. ISALLOBAR- A line of equal surface pressure change. Squall line- a solid line or band of active thunderstorms. Generally characterized by steady precipitation followed by showery precipitation. 3.Middle clouds are found between low and high clouds. FORECAST PERIODS- Routine forecasts issued before noon contain three forecast periods: Today (or this Afternoon), Tonight, and the Next Day. Raindrops are formed either by the coalescence of cloud droplets or by the production of snowflakes, graupel (amalgamations of frozen water droplets), or hail and their subsequent melting as they descend through the warmer regions of the cloud. ATS 655: Objective Analysis In meteorology, an okta is a unit of measurement used to describe the amount of cloud cover at any given location such as a weather station. WARNING- is issued when severe or hazardous weather has already developed and has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. Spring, Year 2. It nearly always starts as a funnel cloud and may be accompanied by a loud roaring noise. Often lee troughs become organized into mature cyclones as they develop eastward. Cloud Types and Precipitation . Downdraft- A column of cool air that sinks toward the ground. Forming in the area of a thunderstorm updraft, or inflow area, it exhibits rapid upward movement and cyclonic rotation. High Clouds: Cirrostratus. GUST- A brief sudden increase in wind speed. BROKEN CLOUDS- Clouds which cover between 6/10 and 9/10 of the sky. In expanding, the air cools adiabatically (i.e., without heat exchange with the surrounding air) until its temperature falls below the dew point, upon which the air becomes supersaturated such that water vapour condenses onto cloud condensation nuclei or tiny water droplets (or deposits onto ice nuclei or tiny ice crystals). ENTRAINED / ENTRAINMENT- Refers to the drawing in of moisture (or lack of moisture) into a system. This gives forecasters an indication of an environment that is favorable for supporting the development of thunderstorms with rotating updrafts, a precursor to supercell thunderstorms (the most violent of severe storms) and tornado development. The Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) aims to provide a unique dataset of aerosol-cloud-meteorology interactions for international model intercomparison and improvement, in addition to process-based studies. Maps of average daytime temperatures (top), nighttime temperatures (middle), and day-night temperature difference (bottom) during January 1979. Polar regions . FUJITA SCALE- System developed by Dr. Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes based on wind damage. Cloud cover is 2 oktas or less of low and or medium clouds for most of the time with isolated light rainfall or no rainfall. Condensation alone can only generate droplets of sufficient size to produce drizzle. For example, during the Gulf War in 1991-92, the military endured searing desert heat by day. Because clouds are created and sustained by upward-moving air currents, water droplets must reach a size sufficient to overcome the lifting effect of the currents before they can fall to the Earth as drizzle or rain. In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. HAIL- Precipitation of small balls or other pieces of ice (hailstones) falling separately or frozen together in irregular lumps. KELVIN- A ratio temperature scale using 0 as the theoretical coldest temperature. MeSH terms Cloud Computing* DEWPOINT DEPRESSION (TDD)- The positive numerical distance between the temperature and the dewpoint. Written by Garry Ward in Clouds. Freezing rain- rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing causing it to freeze to the surface, forming a coating of ice or glaze. Rune Carvings Prompt Belief That Vikings Sailed To Inland Oklahoma From Scandinavia. Put more simply, omega is determined by the amount of spin (or large scale rotation) and warm (or cold) advection present in the atmosphere. DIGGING- Deepening, becoming more amplified with time. Other classification systems have proposed many additional types. View "The story of how clouds for their names" here. 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1334. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30813-8. The GOES-16 (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16) satellite can watch clouds with a new instrument called the Advanced Baseline Imager, or ABI for short. HEAVY SNOW- In the Inland Northwest, mountains above 3000 feet - 8 to 12 inches in 12 hours or 12-18 inches or more in 24 hours. INTERPOLATION- Drawing an isopleth between known numerical values. TROPICAL STORM- An organized cyclone in the tropics with wind speed between 35 and 64 knots. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. When Kirsty McCabe first presented the weather she was told not to use the word precipitation on air. SHELF CLOUD -Long, wedge-shaped clouds associated with the gust front. This is an indication low pressure is weakening (filling) or a pressure system is stalling. For example, Tornado Warning, Severe Thunderstorm Warning, Flash Flood Warning, Winter Storm Warning. Mid-latitude cyclones are cold core lows. cloud . This phenomena often occurs along the California coast during the summer. For one example in the United States, El Paso, Texas frequently finds itself within cT air masses, and daytime highs near 90 degrees Fahrenheit are sometimes followed by nights with temperatures near 50 degrees Fahrenheit. WATCH- identifies a relatively large area in which hazardous or severe weather might occur. 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